The Caliphs’ Cavalry Ruled the Sands! Between 632 and 661 CE, the Rashidun Caliphate reshaped the ancient world. In under thirty years, four caliphs—Abu Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān, and ʿAlī—led Muslim forces from Arabia into Central Asia, North Africa, and the Mediterranean. Their swift conquests redrew borders and established the foundations of a thriving Islamic civilization. | Dark Ages History