Iona, the great Columban monastery off Scotland’s west coast, was struck repeatedly in the early Viking Age: a raid is recorded in 795, the monastery was burned in 802, and an attack in 806 killed 68 members of the community. Those shocks became foundational trauma in monastic memory—but they did not simply end Iona overnight. Evidence and scholarship stress continuity: Iona remained active, even after further violence in 825, while the wider Columban “family” reorganized in response to danger a

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