Electrical ladder drawings are still one of the common and reliable tools used to troubleshoot equipment when it fails. As with any good troubleshooting tool, one must be familiar with its basic ...

I find that if I’m trying to make a point with a student or a colleague about a circuit, sometimes the Falstad online simulator is worth a few thousand words. You can draw the circuit, play with the ...

A solid knowledge of logic gates is at the basis of programming and electronics. This is required in any project. Truth tables are a great way to visualize the results of various combinations of ...

Fig 1. A typical CMOS input circuit comprises a “P” and “N” transistor. One is fully “on” for logic high, and the other is “on” for a logic low. Fig 2. When a CMOS input pin is at logic high or low ...

The first CMOS chip was created by Fairchild Semiconductor, presented at ISSCC in 1963. The logic topologies used in today’s textbooks originated in this work. P-type devices are slower than N-type by ...

A logic gate is an electronic component (or set of them) that performs a logic operation, in which the binary values 0 and 1 are represented with two different voltage values, as seen in the previous ...